A. Blocking
B. Listening
C. Forwarding
D. Learning
E. Relaying

A. It is used to provide a mechanism for routing updates in switched environments.
B. It is used to prevent routing loops in networks with redundant routes.
C. It is used to prevent switching loops in networks with redundant switched routes.
D. It is used to manage, the addition, deletion, and naming of VLANs across multiple switches.
E. It is used to segment a network into multiple collision domains.
F. None of the above.
G. All of the above are functions of STP.

A. All switch and bridge ports are in the forwarding state.
B. All switch and bridge ports are in the stand-by state.
C. All switch and bridge ports are assigned as either root or designated ports.
D. All switch and bridge ports are in either the forwarding or blocking state.
E. All switch and bridge are either blocking or looping.

A. Learning
B. Spanning
C. Listening
D. Forwarding
E. Initializing
F. Filtering
G. Permitting

A. The BPDU version number
B. The access layer bridge setting
C. The Bridge ID
D. The spanning-tree update number
E. The bridge priority
F. The VLAN number

A. To provide a monitoring mechanism for networks in switched environments.
B. To manage VLANs across multiple switches.
C. To prevent switching loops in networks with redundant switched paths.
D. To segment a network into multiple collision domains.
E. To prevent routing loops in networks.

A. It is the individual link cost based on latency
B. It is the sum of the costs based on bandwidth
C. It is the total hop count
D. It is dynamically determined based on load

A. application
B. presentation
C. session
D. transport
E. network
F. data link
G. physical

A.Application
B.Presentation
C.Session
D.Transport
E.Internet
F.DataLink
G.Physical

A.Application
B.Internet
C.Transport
D.Network
E.Data Link