A. All switch and bridge ports are in the forwarding state.
B. All switch and bridge ports are in the stand-by state.
C. All switch and bridge ports are assigned as either root or designated ports.
D. All switch and bridge ports are in either the forwarding or blocking state.
E. All switch and bridge are either blocking or looping.

A. Learning
B. Spanning
C. Listening
D. Forwarding
E. Initializing
F. Filtering
G. Permitting

A. The BPDU version number
B. The access layer bridge setting
C. The Bridge ID
D. The spanning-tree update number
E. The bridge priority
F. The VLAN number

A. To provide a monitoring mechanism for networks in switched environments.
B. To manage VLANs across multiple switches.
C. To prevent switching loops in networks with redundant switched paths.
D. To segment a network into multiple collision domains.
E. To prevent routing loops in networks.

A. It is the individual link cost based on latency
B. It is the sum of the costs based on bandwidth
C. It is the total hop count
D. It is dynamically determined based on load

A. application
B. presentation
C. session
D. transport
E. network
F. data link
G. physical

A.Application
B.Presentation
C.Session
D.Transport
E.Internet
F.DataLink
G.Physical

A.Application
B.Internet
C.Transport
D.Network
E.Data Link

A.ARP
B.HTTPS
C.SMTP
D.CDP
E.TFTP
F.ICMP

A. The application layer
B. The session layer
C. The data link layer
D. The transport layer
E. The network interface layer
F. The physical layer